凈化方法：化學(xué)品種類繁多，然而處理的方法通常透過中和反應(yīng)、氧化反應(yīng)、還還原反應(yīng)或吸索等來達(dá)致凈化清理效果。
Purification method: a large variety of chemicals, but the processing methods usually through neutralization reaction, oxidation reaction, reduction reaction or absorption cable to achieve the cleansing effect.
1.中和反應(yīng)
1. neutralization reaction
倘若泄漏酸性或堿性化學(xué)品，可考慮采用中和反應(yīng)將之中和，將泄漏物轉(zhuǎn)為危害輕微的物質(zhì)，從而減低泄漏化學(xué)品的危害。中和反應(yīng)目的是透過酸和堿的相互作用產(chǎn)生酸堿度盡量接近中性的溶液。所采取的中和程序需視乎泄漏物的酸堿度、濃度、擴(kuò)散面積及泄漏量而定。
If acidic or alkaline chemicals are leaked, neutralization reactions can be considered to neutralize the leaks into hazardous substances, thereby reducing the harm of leakage chemicals. The purpose of neutralization is to produce acidity and alkalinity as close to neutral as possible through the interaction of acid and alkali. The neutralization procedure adopted depends on the pH, concentration, diffusion area and leakage of the leakage.
在中和泄漏物之前，必須先用沙和土壤等不助燃物質(zhì)將之圍堵，再緩緩地加入中和劑。酸性物質(zhì)地中和劑包括：石灰、蘇打灰、碳酸鈣、重碳酸鈉或石灰石;由于高濃度強(qiáng)酸與水會(huì)產(chǎn)生劇烈反應(yīng)，故只可以選用干性的中和劑。至于中和堿性溶液，可使用稀釋的氫氯酸或醋酸溶液做中和劑。當(dāng)反應(yīng)完成后，可用不助燃性物質(zhì)來吸索劑及鏟起，再用適當(dāng)容器盛載及蓋封待棄置。
Before neutralizing leaks, we must first use sand and soil and other non - combustion substances to block them, and then slowly add neutralizer. Neutralization agents for acid substances include lime, soda ash, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or limestone. Because high concentration strong acid will react violently with water, dry neutralizer can only be used. As for the neutralization of alkaline solution, the diluted hydrochloric acid or acetic acid solution can be used as a neutralizer. When the reaction is completed, it can be used for absorbing and shoveling without a combustion supporting substance, and then the proper container is loaded and sealed to be discarded.
工作人員須注意在中和反應(yīng)會(huì)產(chǎn)生熱能，可產(chǎn)生有害煙霧及容易飛濺，所以在反應(yīng)過程重須穿戴個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備。
The staff must pay attention to the heat energy produced in the neutralization reaction, which can produce harmful smoke and spatter easily, so the personal protective equipment must be worn in the reaction process.
2.氧化反應(yīng)
2. oxidation reaction
氧化反應(yīng)之凈化方法乃利用化學(xué)反應(yīng)將氧加到化合物里，從而減低泄漏物的危害?？赏高^氧化反應(yīng)來處理的泄漏物包括：氰化物溶液、苯酚及其他有機(jī)物質(zhì)。但氧化反應(yīng)是較難控制的，而且往往會(huì)在反應(yīng)過程重產(chǎn)生大量熱能、有毒的中間物及有毒氣體。如采用氧化反應(yīng)來處理大量泄漏物時(shí)，執(zhí)行人員必須經(jīng)過有關(guān)訓(xùn)練，或在化學(xué)能手監(jiān)督下方可進(jìn)行。
The purification method of the oxidation reaction is to use the chemical reaction to add oxygen to the compound, thereby reducing the harm of the leakage. The leaks that can be treated by oxidation include cyanide solution, phenol and other organic matter. However, the oxidation reaction is more difficult to control and often reproduces a large amount of heat, toxic intermediates and toxic gases in the reaction process. If an oxidizing reaction is used to deal with a large number of leaks, the executor must be trained, or under the supervision of a chemical expert.
3.還原反應(yīng)
3. reduction reaction
還原反應(yīng)及透過化學(xué)反應(yīng)將電子釋放到泄漏物質(zhì)里，從而減低它的危害?？赏高^還原反應(yīng)來處理的泄漏物有重金屬的溶液，如水銀、鉛或鉻。然而還原反應(yīng)如同氧化反應(yīng)一樣是較難控制，而且在反應(yīng)過程中可產(chǎn)生大量熱量、有毒的中間物及有毒氣體。如采用還原反應(yīng)來處理大量泄漏物時(shí)，執(zhí)行人員必須經(jīng)過有關(guān)訓(xùn)練，或在化學(xué)能手監(jiān)督下方可進(jìn)行。
The reduction reaction and the chemical reaction will release electrons into the leaked material, thereby reducing its harm. A solution that can be treated by a reduction reaction is a solution of heavy metal, such as mercury, lead or chromium. However, the reduction reaction is as difficult to control as an oxidation reaction, and a large amount of heat, toxic intermediates and toxic gases can be produced during the reaction process. If a reduction reaction is used to deal with a large number of leaks, the executor must be trained, or under the supervision of a chemical expert.
4.吸索方法
4. suction method
吸索劑時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)使用處理液態(tài)化學(xué)品的泄漏。在使用吸索劑前，應(yīng)了解吸索劑是否可與泄漏物相容。市面上有很多化學(xué)吸索劑套件可供選擇，而有關(guān)化學(xué)品供應(yīng)供應(yīng)商亦會(huì)備有專用化學(xué)吸索劑套件;然而，在大多數(shù)情況下，清潔及干燥的沙乃是廣泛被采用的吸索劑。有關(guān)人員應(yīng)注意，雖然木屑可有效作為吸索劑，但決不可用作處理活性及氧化物質(zhì)，控防造成爆炸。此外，使用吸索劑后，有關(guān)泄漏物質(zhì)的化學(xué)特性并沒有改變，工作人員應(yīng)小心處理。
Leakage of liquid chemicals is often used when absorbing agents. Before the use of the absorption agent, it should be understood whether the absorption agent can be compatible with the leakage. There are many chemical absorber packages available on the market, and chemicals suppliers will also have special chemical absorption kit. However, in most cases, clean and dry sand is widely used as a suction agent. It should be noted that, although wood chips can be used as absorbent, it will never be used to deal with active and oxidizing substances and control the explosion. In addition, the chemical properties of the leaked material have not changed after the use of the absorption agent, and the staff should be treated carefully.